Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: King of England - reigned 1685 to 1688 King of Scotland reigned 1685 to 1689
• Stories and Notes: James II was the second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother of Charles II. He was created Duke of York, and was in Oxford during the Civil War. After the defeat of the Royalists he escaped with his mother and brother to The Hague and then exile in France. His father was executed in 1649. James served in the French army and later in the Spanish Army. After the death of Cromwell and the restoration of the monarchy he returned to England where his brother had been crowned Charles II. James was created Lord High Admiral and warden of the Cinque Ports, and commanded the Royal Navy during the 2nd and 3rd Anglo-Dutch wars. He created controversy when in 1660 he married Anne Hyde a commoner and daughter of Charles’s chief minister Edward Hyde. They had 7 children but only two survived infancy - Mary (later Queen Mary II) and Anne (later Queen Anne). His daughters were raised as Protestants but, influenced by his time in France and Spain, James converted to Catholicism in 1670. Following Anne Hyde’s death in 1671, he married Mary of Modena a 15 year old Italian Catholic princess. James’s critics described her as ‘an agent of the Pope’. Parliament became alarmed at the prospect of Catholic succession and in 1673 passed the Test Act which excluded Catholics from political office. In 1679 Shaftesbury attempted to introduce an Exclusion Bill to exclude James from the succession and substitute Charles’s illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth, but this was rebutted by Charles who dissolved Parliament. James became King James II on the death of his brother in 1685. He soon faced two rebellions intent on removing him in Scotland by the Duke of Argyll, and from an army raised by the Duke of Monmouth which was defeated by John Churchill (6th great grandfather of Winston Churchill) in July 1685 at the Battle of Sedgemoor in Somerset. The Monmouth rebels were brutally punished by Judge Jeffrey’s Bloody Assizes. James, believing his Divine Right as King, issued the Declaration of Indulgence to suspend the Test Act and promote his Catholic supporters in Parliament. The Archbishop of Canterbury and seven other bishops were arrested and tried for sedition. Amidst widespread alarm, the birth in 1688 of his Catholic heir James (James Edward Stuart) prompted a group of nobles to invite Prince William of Orange (who had married James daughter Mary) from the Netherlands to England to restore Protestantism and democracy. William of Orange landed at Torbay on 5 November 1688 in 463 ships unopposed by the Royal Navy, and with an army of 14,000 troops which gathering local support grew to over 20,000 and advanced on London in what became known as ‘The Glorious Revolution’. Many from James’s army including Churchill and James’s daughter Anne defected to support William. James lost his nerve and fled to France throwing the Great Seal of the Realm into the River Thames. His daughter Mary was declared Queen, but she insisted on joint rule with her husband and they were crowned King William III and Queen Mary II. James and his wife and son lived in exile in France as guests of Louis XIV. James landed in Ireland in 1689 with French troops in an attempt to regain the throne and advanced on Londonderry, but was defeated by William at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. He lived the rest of his life in exile. His son James Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender) and grandson Charles (Bonnie Prince Charlie) made unsuccessful attempts to restore the Jacobite throne in 1715 and 1745.
• To Lady Kathleen: 8 x cousin 12 times removed

James married Anne Hyde on 24 Nov 1659 in Breda, , Noord-Brabant, Netherlands. Anne was born on 12 Mar 1637 in Cranbourne Lodge, Windsor, England, United Kingdom; died on 31 Mar 1671 in St. James Palace, London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Queen of England and Scotland Mary Stuart, II was born on 30 Apr 1662 in St. James Palace, London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom; died on 28 Dec 1694 in Kensington Palace, London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom.
2. Queen of England and Scotland Annie Stuart was born on 6 Feb 1665 in St. James Palace, London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom; died on 1 Aug 1714 in Kensington Palace, London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Stories and Notes: Charles was the 2nd son of James VI of Scotland (James 1 of England) and Anne of Denmark. He was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and became heir to the throne on the death of his brother Henry in 1612. His father favoured marriage to the Spanish infanta Maria Anna, but Parliament was hostile to Spain and in 1625 he married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France. Their children included Charles and James (who became Charles II and James II), and Mary who married William II of Orange and was the mother of William III.
• Stories and Notes: The Battle of Edgehill, Warwickshire, in October 1642 between Royalist forces and Parliamentary forces favoured the Royalists but the outcome was inconclusive. The war continued indecisively through 1643 and 1644. Charles's defeat at the Battle of Naseby, near Leicester, in June 1645 by Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army ended all hopes of Royalist victory. In April 1646 Charles escaped the Siege of Oxford and surrendered at Newark, Nottinghamshire, to the Scots, who handed him over to Parliament in January 1647. In June the Cromwell’s army seized him and carried him off to Hampton Court palace, near London. While the army leaders strove to find a settlement, Charles secretly intrigued for a Scottish invasion. In November he escaped, but was recaptured and held at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight. A Scottish invasion followed in 1648, but was shattered by Cromwell at Preston, Lancashire. In January 1649 the House of Commons set up a high court of justice, which tried Charles and condemned him to death. He was beheaded on 30 January 1649 in front of the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London. There followed a period known as the English Commonwealth ruled by Cromwell through parliament.
• Stories and Notes: The Short Parliament, which met April 1640, refused to grant money until grievances were redressed, and was dissolved after just 3 weeks. The Scots then advanced into England and forced their own terms on Charles. The Long Parliament assembled under in November 1640 under John Pym, passed an Act that prevented it from being dissolved without its own consent. Laud and other ministers were imprisoned, and Strafford condemned to death. There was now direct confrontation between Charles and Parliament. After the failure of his attempt to arrest five parliamentary leaders on 4 January 1642, Charles, confident that he had substantial support among those who believed that Parliament was becoming too Puritanical and zealous, withdrew from London, and on 22 August declared war on Parliament by raising his standard at Nottingham and beginning the English Civil War of 1642 to 1648.
• Stories and Notes: When Charles I succeeded his father in 1625, friction with Parliament began at once. Charles believed in his divine right as king and struggled to control Parliament who resented his attempts at absolute rule. One of his first acts was to dissolve parliament in 1625, and again in 1626 after attempts to impeach the Duke of Buckingham over war against Spain and support of the French Huguenots. Charles forced an unpopular ‘Ship Money’ tax to raise funds without the consent of Parliament. In 1628 Charles was presented with the Petition of Right a declaration of the “rights and liberties of the subject", which he reluctantly agreed to. However, in 1629 he dissolved Parliament again, imprisoned its leaders and ruled without a Parliament from 1629 to 1640. His advisers Earl Strafford and Archbishop Laud persecuted the Puritans, and provoked the Presbyterian Scots Covenanters to revolt when Laud attempted to introduce the English Book of Common Prayer.
• To Lady Kathleen: 7 x cousin 13 times removed
• Occupation: 1625 to 1649; King of England
• Occupation: 1625 to 1649; King of Scotland

Notes:

Occupation:
First English King to be publicly executed. He believed that God had made him a King, so he did not need to consult his subjects. He managed to rule without a Parliament until 1640, and tried to force his Scottish subjects to accept English Chur ch services. When this led to a war he could not afford, he promised to share some of his power with Parliament. People no longer trusted him and England slid into Civil War.

Died:
beheaded

Charles married Henrietta Maria De Bourbon on 13 Jun 1625 in St. Augustine's Church, Canterbury, Kent, England, United Kingdom. Henrietta was born on 26 Nov 1609 in Hotel du Louvre, Paris, France; died on 31 Aug 1669 in Chateau St Colombes, Near Paris, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As : Henrietta Maria of France

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: King of England - reigned 1603 to 1625, And King of Scotland reigned 1567 to 1625
• Stories and Notes: Books
• Stories and Notes: James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and her second husband Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley. He was descended through the Scottish kings from Robert the Bruce, and the English Tudors through his great grandmother Margaret Tudor sister of Henry VIII. His parent’s marriage was short-lived and Darnley was found murdered 8 months after James was born in June 1566. His mother married again, but in 1567 was forced to renounce the throne of Scotland in favour of her infant son. James became King James VI of Scotland aged 13 months in July 1567, and was crowned at Stirling. Mary fled to England where she was eventually executed following Catholic plots against Elizabeth I in 1587. His childhood and adolescence were unhappy, abnormal, and precarious; he had various guardians, whose treatment of him differed widely. His education, although thorough, was weighted with strong Presbyterian and Calvinist political doctrine, and his character – highly intelligent and sensitive, but also fundamentally shallow, vain, and exhibitionist – reacted violently to this. He also sought solace with extravagant and unsavoury male favourites who, in later years, were to have a damaging effect on his prestige and state affairs. A suitable Queen was found for him in Anne of Denmark and they were married in 1589. As King of Scotland, he curbed the power of the nobility, although his attempts to limit the authority of the Kirk (Church of Scotland) were less successful. When Elizabeth I of England died in 1603 unmarried, James moved to London and was crowned King James I of England the first of the Stuart Kings of the combined crowns of England and Scotland. The English courtiers were wary of his Scottish favourites, affairs with male courtiers and uncouth ways. He was however a supporter of literature and arts. William Shakespeare was among the ‘Kings Men’ troupe of actors who performed plays for their patron James. He commissioned the King James Authorized Version of the Bible, published in 1611, which remains one of the most important English translations of the Bible. He initially acted mainly upon the advice of Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, but on Salisbury’s death all restraint vanished. His religious policy consisted of asserting the supreme authority and divine right of the crown and suppressing both Puritans and Catholics who objected. Guy Fawkes' attempt to blow up Parliament in 1605 produced an anti-Catholic reaction, which gave James a temporary popularity which soon dissipated. His foreign policy aimed primarily at achieving closer relations with Spain was not liked by Parliament who saw Spain as the Old Catholic enemy of the Armada and competitor for world trade. During his reign the East India Company expanded trade bringing spices from the East, and Jamestown was founded in Virginia. His willingness to compromise politically, even while continuing to talk in terms of absolutism, largely accounts for the superficial stability of his reign. However, the effects of many of his actions were long term, becoming fully obvious only after his death. James and Anne had 8 children only three of whom survived infancy. Their eldest son Henry died aged 18 of typhoid, and their 2nd son Charles became King Charles I. The marriage of their daughter Elizabeth to Frederic V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia, was to result in the eventual Hanoverian succession to the British throne.
• To Lady Kathleen: 6 x cousin 14 times removed
• Stories and Notes: 1603; What God hath conjoined let no man separate. I am the husband and the whole isle is my lawful wife' - James VI of Scotland who also became James I of England on the union of the crowns of Scotland and England, 1603

James married Anne Oldenburg on 23 Nov 1589 in Oslo, Norway. Anne was born on 14 Oct 1574 in Skanderborg Castle, Jutland, Denmark; died on 4 Mar 1619 in Hampton Court Palace, Richmond, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As : Anne of Denmark

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Lord of Darnley, Duke of Albany, Earl of Ross, Lord Ardmannoch

Notes:

On 10 February 1567, the bodies of Henry and his servant at the time were discovered in the orchard of Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, where they had been staying. Surrounding Henry and his servant was a cloak, a dagger, a chair and a coat. Henry was dressed only in his nightshirt, suggesting he had fled in some haste from his bedchamber. A violent explosion had occurred that night at the house, but evidence pointed to Henry escaping assassination, only to be murdered when he got outside. There was no sign of stab wounds, gun wounds, bruises or strangulation marks on the body. It is most likely that Henry and his servant were suffocated, There was evidence that Henry and his valet had been strangled and that the explosion was set as an attempt to cover up the murders.

Died:
Murdered by an explosion of Gunpowder

Henry married Queen of Scotland Mary Stuart on 29 Jul 1565 in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. Mary (daughter of King of Scotland James Stuart, V and Mary, of Lorraine) was born on 7 Dec 1542 in Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, United Kingdom; died on 8 Feb 1587 in Fotheringhay Castle, Fotheringhay, Northampton, England, United Kingdom. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As : Mary (Queen of Scots)
• Occupation: 1542 to 1567; Queen of Scotland

Notes:

Occupation:
Her rules was opposed by a confederation of Scottish nobles, headed by her bastard brother, the Regent Moray, and to these she was forced to surrender at Carberry Hill 15 Jun 1567. The Queen was compelled to sign a formal resignation of the crow n to her son James. She escaped and fought the battle of Langside 13 May 1568. She fled to England but was captured and executed after 19 years in prison.

Died:
executed